Thursday, January 19, 2012

2007 Retreat paper by Rev.Dr. Hrang Kil

CHIN RAM LE THANCHONAK (DEVELOPMENT AND THE CHIN HILLS

HOW SHALL WE DO OUR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT?

Vission: hi cawnpiaknak nih a chun manhmi cu Chinmi vialte nih Vuleicungpi Ramkhelnak (Politic), Thanchonnak caah a herhmi chawlehthalnak (Economic)Pawlasi le Mipi (Society) hna then khawhlo an rak sizia theifiang ter i Ramkhelnak (Politics) le Politician pawl ram an dawt i mipicungah zumhawktlak in an um i chawleh thalnak pawlasi a ttha lawnglawng ah mibupi caah nunduhdim te in thachonak serkhawh a si timi kha hngalhter hi a hmui timhmi cu a si.

Goal: Timhmi. Hi cawnpiaknak nih a timhbik mi cu mipi nih ramkhelnak le chawlehthal thanchonak an i pehtlaihning theih fiangter in a thancho lomi ram in a thanchomi ram lei ah, ziknawh lawng a duhmi hruaitu in dingfelnak lam lei ah a thi hruaitu, Taksa, Thinlung le Thlarau nunduh dimnak a lengkhawhnak hnga angan a dammi thanchonak rian i awtter kha a hmui timhmi a si.

Objectives:

  1. Thanchonak a herhmi a sullam hei chim fiang nak.
  2. Thanchonak le mibupi i thlennak teorem hei chimfiangnak
  3. Socialism le Democracy kar lak ah Ramkhelnak Pawlisi le Chawlehthalnak Pawlisi an i danning chim fiangnak.
  4. Ram thanchonak a dontu mipi theihfiang ding in tumtahnak.
  5. Chin Ram thanchonak lam a panh khawhnak zeilam in zulhding in tuahtanning.

Introduction:

Thanchonak timi hi vuleicung minung poah nih kan herhbikmi a muru le kan kengruhpi bantuk a si. Cu caah ram a ngan a dammi, a remmi le mipi a ruangtermi chawlehthalnak le ramkhelnak ngeih kha a herh. Thanchonak timi ahcun Ramkhelnak (Politic), Chawlehthalnak (Economic) le Mibupi (Society) hna hi then awk an tha lo. Cu thanchonak nih a chuahpimi minung kan sinak a man (Man Value) cu Thinlung, Taksa, Thlarau damnak (Nun duh dim) hi a si ko. John 10:10. Ramkhelnak Pawlisi le ramkheltu hna nun can thinlung ziaza a that lo ahcun chawlehthalnak (Economic) mi a tla, Chawlehthalnak a tla i mipi an paw an khin lo, hruk aih, dornak (proof) inn le lo a tlamtling loah a chuahter i daihnak remnak le iruangnak a um ti lo hleiah i kapnak le ziar i ngeihnak in a khat caah mibupi cu hrum ai riangmang a ngan a fah i mipi cungah daihnak hnangamnak ti a um kho lo. Cu tikah Mibupi nih nun duhdimnak an hmuh kho lo bantuk in, thanchonak a hram kan dir kamh ve lo ahcun Ramkhelnak zong a hlawh a tling kho ve lo. Cu caah a nuammi ram le a thanchomi ram si kan duh a si ahcun Politic ( patti) thatha kan i ngeih i, cu patti nih chawlehthalnak pawlisi thatha a chuahter khawh ahcun, chawlehthalnak a hlawh a tling i mipi cu rumnak rilipi chungah zalon te le nun duhdin te in i vuan kha a si. Cun caah hi cawnpiaknak hi vuleicung chantiluangning tuanbia chungah a um lengmang mi ramuknak, vulei ser kan in mibupi g( Social change) ai thlennak umtuning, Ram uk chan, mi ernak chan, phaisa a hram le a maik lawng a ruatmi uk chan, socialist uknak chan, Communist unak chan, le Democracy uknak chan hna i (polico – economic) ramkhel - chawlehthalnak dirhmun hna cuaithlai tahchun in mipi hung theihter kha a si. Mipi nih cu hna dirhmun uknak pawlasi an theitikah ram thanchonak dingah zeirian kan tuahlai tiah an i fiang khawhnak hnga hi mi hnuton dohnak (retreat) nih a timhbikmi a si.

Definition of Development:

Sustainability Development: Thanchonak a dohtu: Thanchonak doh le hlawhtlingter timi a sullam cu Minung caah a herhmi thil vialte le remnak daihnak hna kha mibupi chungah zungzal in umter, chuahter, hmunter peng tinak a si.

Integrated sustainability timi cu Method (Ningcang te in thil tining phung kip hman in Mibupi caah thanchonak doh, hlawhting ter tinak a si.

Cu caah a tanglei hna hi mah le hmunhma hoih in an mah le khuacaan tuakin pawngkam thilnung hna le thilri hna hi tharchuah a hman zia thiam hi a herhmi a si.

1. environmental usage system (Pawngkam thil mah le ningcang tein hman thiamnak)

2. human ecology support system ( minung inn le lo pawngkam thilnung le thilri karlak pehtlaihning thazang a pehtu ningcang te in zoh khenhnak)

3. Planet’s climate change system (Vandumpi thil le vulei khuacaan umtuning hna i thlengnak theih fiangternak)

4. Agro – culture, (thingkung le ram kung cin thlak thiamnak),

5. agriculture system (lothlawh, thing phawrhning a sining tein theih fiangnak)

6. Industry system ( seh in riantuanning theihfiangnak)

7. forestry system ( Tuhmawng ti le tlang umtuning zohkhenh thiamnak)

8. Domestic animal farm system ( Saram zohkhenh le zuatning thiamnak)

9. le vulei thil umtuning hna hlat hlai le cawn hi an si hna.

Chanchuak Than chonak timi cu Aluanciami minung an tuanbia chungah an zungthiamnak, pawcawmnak le ram an i khelnak te hna kha ningcang tein ngiatthlai zohfian in, hnahgawh luri a simi mibupi hi a thi maw a nung dah? a silo le thil pakhat le pakhat i khawndeng ruangah thazang a chuahmi a phi cungah ningcang tein cuaithlai, tharchuah, serthan tinak a si.

The tool of Development:

Ram hi a thancho maw cholo ti zohfiang lo ahcun thanchonak lam taktak hmuh khawh a si lo caah, mi fim hna nih a tanglei hna hriamnam hmang in an tah ton hna.

Thanchonak nih thiltha le thilchia a chuahter lengmang ve caah ram a thacho maw cholo ti cuaithlai theifiangnak ding caah a tanglei hna hi chirhchan thlir in zohfiang lengmangnak caah an hmang deuhmi tawhfung hna cu a tanglei bantuk in an si:

1. traditional historical development background, (Minung tuanbia pawngkam thanchoning le a zatlak mualphoning chungin hlathlai le thlirnak hi tawhfung pakhat ah an hman).

2. research method ( Thil tining lam tampi hman in an tah cuai thlainak tawhfung)

3. scale, weight ( Minung an zungthimnak le ramkhelnak, chawlehthalnak a thancho maw, a tladah timi kha chan khat hnu chankhat cuai thlainak tawhfung).

4. Open every sourses of project; minung caah a herhmi project poahpoah onhpiaknak mipi caah zeitluk in thanchonak le zatlaknak a chuah pi timi zohfiang thannak tawhfung..

5. evaluate system: zei thilpoah hi a man khiah le hlai cikcek dihnak tawhfung le

6. feedback ( Mibupi sinah thilsining taktak thei fiang i zuamnak tawhfung hna hi an si.)

Development Model: Thanchonak le zatlaknak zohchunh awk pungsan: Zeitin dah zabu 19 hrawngah (industry) sehlei riantuannak a hung tthang ( age of renaicence) Fim thiamnak a hung i thlengning, age of colonilism decreace, i eihmuarnak chan donghnak a phanning, age of capitalism, a hramlawng biapi in a ruatmi hna chan le, (age of socialism) mibupi thil hrawm a herh ti in an zumh chan, Democratic ram cu mipi tam deuh duhnak in ram khel a herh ko timi zumh chan hna chungin an ( Politico-Eoconomic) ramkhel chawlehthalnak a hung chuahning hna le mibupi i khawndennak raungah a chuahmi(Eg class division) minung i thleidannak, hramngeimi le riantuantu, sal le bawi i thleidannak hna ruangah a si maw?. Asilole Zeiruangah Russia Sehlei riantuannak rampi ai rawk, Tuluk sehlei riantuannak atla, singpore hna tikulh khua pakhat a si ko nain chawlehthalnak lei ah a thanchoning ( chak le thlang Korea zatlangnun le pawcawmnak an thancho ai thlauning tibantuk cuai thlai in kan kawlram he tahchunh lengmang hi thil ttha a kan hmuhsak tu, thanchhonak a sersiamtu lam pakhat a si.

I. DEVELOPMENT PHILOSOPHY:

“Stoics philosophy”

Development Philosophy mit (eyes) ngei hi a biapi taktak. Thanchonak philosophy i a theory cungah dir i thukpi in ruah hi a biapi ngaimi a si. Stoics theory: “Pathian fimnak cungah ahram bunh lawnglawng ah a dikmi fimnak le ram thlen thanchonak timi hi a um kho.” an ti.

“Plato philosophy”

Plato nih cun, “ Fimnak in thanchonak kan sersiam than (reconstruction) lengmang,” tiah a ti ve. “Thanchonak Philosophy hna hi hlan lio Judahmi nun phung, Krifa nunphung chung in hmuh khawh an si. (Pathian hngalh, Miphun le ram dawt, huhim, sining i hngalh) i ningcang tein (discipline) mah le mah i uk khawhnak thiltha zulh khawhnak, Pawlasi dan le dun (rule) upat in ram ser le dirhthan, tharchuah than lengmangnak hna hi Thanchonak philosophy ti cu a si,” tiah G. R. Boys-Stones 2007 nih a chim.

Chinmi thanchonak caah zei bantuk Philosophy dah ngei uh si law a ttha hnga? Ruah ti cio awk.

Chin mi nih Krifa phung kha kan nunphung hrampi ah bunh i, Chin ram nun duhdim thanchonak kan hmuh khawhnak hnga caah a herh taktakmi hna cu Polical patti ttha le chawlehthalnak he a pehtlaimi pawlasi ttha ttha kan i ngeihkhawhnak ding cu Chin mipi liangcungah a um ti kha theihfiang in minung kan sining upatnak le zalonnak hna hi fimnak le khua ruahthiamnak he kan ram dirkamh le sersiam zohkhenh, dawtnak, remnak, daihnak le i khahnak he leng ti in kan ram thanchonak serding hi an si hnga lo maw?

II. CHAWLEH CHAWHRAWLNAK MIT HNA.(THE CONCEPT OF TWO ECONOMIC EYES)

Chawleh chawhrawlnak ah mit pahnih a ngei i cu hna cu a tanglei hna bantuk in a si.

1. Amiak lawng biapi in a ruatmi chawlehthalnak mit. (The concept of profit Economics eye)

Amiak lawnglawng a zohmi chawlehthalnak cu, seh lei riantuan thanchonak nih thil tharchuah an ser tik ah mibupi harnak a pek le pek lo kha an tuahtan lem lo. Amiak hmuh khawhnak le an rumnak lawnglawng an zoh caah hihi tih anungmi thanchonak lam pakhat a si. Ni hin chanchuah chanthar thanchonak a sermi bu hna, Pawngkam thilri biapi tuk ah a chiahmi Environmental Assessment Management pawl nih cun, “an duh lo ngaingai i tuahtan a hau hrimhrim cang,” tiah an ti. Eg. Chemical telh i rawl chuahkhawhnak, Neuclear sehzung, tihangthlumsi sernak, Bing sernak, thli a thurhnawmtermi sehzung tbk hna hi an si.

2. Minung ngandamnak biapi in a ruatmi mit thanchonak. (The concept of integrated Social welfare Economic)

Apahnihnak cu phaisa amiak tampi lawnglawng hmuhnak kha si loin, mibupi a ngan adamtermi thanchonak lamkha kawl lengmangmi chawlehthalnak mit a si. (Minung ngamdamnak, Mibupi nunning a thattertu kha tha an pek ngaingai). Cu caah an timi cu, “Chemical in thil sermi poah in ti le rawl chuahternak thazang hmang in tuahmi thil poah hi doh a si.. E.g. Pesticide Rumrul thahnak si hi hmalo in hrial khawh i zuamding,. ( hi ai ah Liquid Carbon) meikhu hang hmanding. Chemical nawn hna hman hrial i zuam ding ti te hna, Zu nih facang lo a eituk le Chizawh thlah hnawhding ti bantuk khi a si.) Ramlak vate hna kan thah dih ahcun, rumrul a chuah tuk lai i thing le ram an ei dih lai tbk Cu caah kan ngeihmi thilnung hna hi an mah le sining tein umterpeng, chuahter peng ti te hna hi mibupi ngandam thanchonak lam ser hi biapi a si,” tiah an ti.

III. THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL CHANGE. (Mibupi thlen tthanchonak)

“Mibupi hi daitein a um thiam lo i chankhat hnu chankhat ai thleng lengmang. Cu ai thlengnak a ruang cu, Ramkheluknak le Chawlehthalnak hna cungah a hram a bunh,” tiah sociologists pawl nih an ti. Mibupi hi theih a har ngaingaimi chungin Zei tin dah tthanchonak lei ah a hung i thleng ti kha a tanglei teorem hna nih a hung langter hna . Cu hna cu thil ttha chung in maw? asilole tthat lonak chung in maw ti kha zoh fiang in mibupi caah a ngan a dammi tthanchonak lei ah ai thlen khawhnak hnga ! ruahnak a kan cheuh tuding ah a tang lei teorem hna in zoh le tah khawh an si hna.

  1. Evolution theory;
  2. Functionalist theory
  3. Conflict theory

  1. Evolution theory:

Darwin nih a chimmi cu, “Minung hi kan thawhkeh a hramthawknak in thancho dirhmun sang deuhnak leiah a thleng lengmangmi kan si,” tiah a ti. Ethnocentric pawl nih cun, “Minung kan zungthiamnak le kan nun caan ziaza cu a hramthawknak in ai dawh chin lengmang,” an ti ve.

Augustin (1857) nih a chimmi cu, “Mibupi hi an zatlang nunning cio ah mah le ningcang te in thanchonak lei ah a fongchinmi a si,” a ti ve. Dukhem nih cun, unilinear evolution theorist “ Mibupi hi ai ruanglomi phun tampi chungin ai thleng lengmang i, cu ti cun a dong men lai,” a ti. Herbert speener nihcun, “Hrial khawhlomi thil chungin mibupi nunnak hi mah le miphun nunphung cio in aithleng peng,” a ti. Cu cah hi teorem hna nih a langtermi cu zeithil paoh poah hi daite in an um thiam lo an cawlcangh peng i ai thlengmi tu cu (mibupi chungah a thatnak le a chiatnak pahnih kar lak ah i ral kanh in an thangcho peng hna) .

  1. Functionalist Theory:

Tecoft person (functionalist) pa nih cun, “mibupi cu ningcang i khat tein a thancho a herh,” a ti. “ Labour” Kulee le Boos rianngeitupa le riantuantupa karlak siseh, cun (cozah uktu hna le cozah riantuantu hna kar lak zongah siseh, Private Mah pumpak riantuantu le “civilian” mipi karlak ah siseh, Cozah le mipi karlak zongah siseh, buaibainak a chuah tonmi cu, (social structure) mibupi ramkhel uknak a sining tonkel bak a si,” tiah an ti.

Funntionist pawl nih cun, “ Ram chungah hin aa dang liangluang mi riantuanbu an um cio ko nain thazang ai khat te in ( equilibrium) a thancho a hau,” an ti.

    1. “a dang liangluangmi Mibupi riantuannak a cawhroihpi in a thancho,” tiah an ti.
    2. Thanchonak cu “Rian i phawtzamh thiamnak ruangah a si i a cheu nih cun (TV, Dideo, Computer system technology) hna a sang ruangah a si,”an ti ve
    3. “ Race, Miphun, (class), mah sining cio, gender Nupa thleidan lo in raintuan cio ruangah a than cho,” tiah an ti
    4. “Riantuantu bu hna i asining a man (value) ahlawhtlingnak cu society mibupi itluk te in thazang i khondengmi ruangah a si,” tiah an ti.
    5. “Thanchonak timi cu mah le rian cio ah (principle le policy) mah le mah pumpak i uk khawhnak le Pawlasi hna upat i ningcang tein riantuantu bu vialte nih an zulh cio ruangah thazang i khat te in a than cho’ tiah an ti.

  1. Conflict Theory:

“Mibupi cu i thleidannak le i ei hmuarnak lawng in a khatmi bupi a si. (Antient) Hlanlio chan ah mi thawngtha deuh pawl nih thazang dermi hna cungah ei hmuarnak, (Feudalism) Ram ngeitu bawi uk chan ah mizaran le sal hna cungah ei hmuarnak, (Capitalists) Ahram ngeimi nih riantuantu hna cungah eihmuarnak, hna ruangah (alohtama asiazung tapeih kyi) may ni (1) ni hi a chuah i hi ruangah mipi cu daite in um thiamti lo in communism le socialism thanchonak lei ah a fong thluah mahmi a si,” tiah Karl Marx nih a ti. ( Karl Marx) 1867

Hi thil hna ruangah hin mibupi chungah ai telmi Chungkhar, Biaknak, Chawlehthalnak le cozoh ramkhelnak umtuning hna hi kan cawnnak sianginnpi pakhat ah a hung chuak. “Mibupi i thlennak cu thiamnak le hngalh cawnnak a hung sang, uktu thalo hna nih (love power) micungcuang ukduhnak le pumpak rum duhtuknak hna ruangah zangfahnak ngei lo in mibupi kha hrem le (Exploitation) i ei hmuarnak hna a hung chuahmi an si. Cu hna nihcun mi sifah le mirum, i thleidan thlautuknak dirhmun, Bawi le sal, Phunsang le phun niam, hnam le mi thiang, mirang le minak ti bantuk thleidannak ngampi nih mibupi nun caan zia dawhpi kha a hung hrawk. Uktu le ukmi kar lak ah siseh, miphun ngan le miphun nauta kar lak ah siseh dohnak nganpi a hungchuah ruangah nganfah, tah ai hramnak le zunngaihnak hna fakpi in a hung chuahter than hoi. Cu chungin Mipi nih zalenkhawhnak le nun duhdim nun khawhnak lam kha a kawl peng ruangah (Conflick Theory) buainak teorem cu ahung chuahnak a si. Hi buainak vialte nih Mibupi tthanchonak duhdim nun chungah kar a hlan khawhnak hnga! lam a serpiaktu (indicator) pakhat a si ti uh silaw kan palh lem lai lo..

IV. POLITICAL – ECONOMIC IDEOLOGY (THEORY)

Hi teorem hi atanglei phunli in thlir le cuai thlai khawh an si. Zeiruang ah dah hi thil hna hi an hung chuah ti kha ruah le tuahtan an hau. Cu hna cu Mercantilism, Capitalism, Socialism le Welfare Capitalism pawl an si.


  1. Mercantilism. (Ramngeitu hna an Pawlisi)

Hi teorem hi zabu 16 – 17th karlak ah a hung chuahmi a si. Ram ukbawi a silole Siangpahrang pawl nih leiram an ngeih i sal le mizaran kha an ram cu an hlanh hna i rian an tuanter (sakhua Tax bantuk in ningcang longai in ngaun khuai an lak hna. Ahung sangdeuh i (rawmaterial) a hratmi thilchuah kha hmanawk a thami thil ah an ser chuah i ramkip ah zuarkhawhnak hmun le hma (market) an kawl. Mibu bukhat an ser i chawlehnak an tuah. Monarch ( Siangpahrang hrang hna cu ramngeitu an si caah an thilchuahmi cu Siangpahrang riantuantu pawl nih tuanvo lak in ram chung ram lengah zuar le khawn a rak si. Mi zaran pawl le sal le bang hna cu riantha deuh kan kawl lai ti le sal thongchung in luatkhawhnak lam an ngah lo. An lah kha le a tlawm fon i harnak ngaingai an tong. Sal le bang cu chuahnak lam an ngei lo. Ram ngan deuh pawl cu an pawngkam hna doh le thil ri chuh ti bantuk Pawlisi chiapi kha an hmang hna. An ram an kauh hriamnam in mi ramdang thil hna an va chuh and va ramh hna. Tah chunhnak ah, Egypt. Persia, Greece le Rom empire ti bantuk an si,” an ti. Siangpahrang rumnak le liannak ca lawng a si bantuk in an thazang a hung thawng chinchin i Siang pahrang pawl nih state (cozah) rian an tuan chih. Cun Spain, England le Ducth pawl nih Africa minung million in an va tlaih hna i American ah lo thlawh thing phawrhnak rian an tuanter. Ei khim rawl an pek lo hlei ah, an zaw tikah si thate in thlawpbulnak an tuah fawn hna lo. An chawlehthalnak cu Siangpahrang le Bawi hna caah a miak a tthat hnem i mi zaran caah cun thongchung chiah he khin ai dang lem lo. Cu caah Jesuh nih a chimmi cu, “Pathian Thlarau cu kan cungah a um i misifah mihna nun duhdim an hmuhnak hnga! mit caw hna khua an hmuh i sal le thongtlami hna luatnak thawngtha aupi ding ah a ka pa nih a ka thlah,” tiah a ti. Luke 4:18ff. hi lio ahhin zeitluk in mibupi an tuar ti kha a langh ter ngaingai. Jesuh nih mipi cungah zeitluk in zangfah nak a ngei ti kha a langhter ngaingai. Kawl ram cu Jesu zei an rel lo bantuk in Jesu chan in mi an turning cu ni hin ka kawl ram ah tuar a si ve i kan dir hmun hi, hi hna he hin kan i thlau rualo tiah ka ruah. BC 1000 in AD 1500 karlak i thil sining chan lio bantuk men khi kawlmi cu a um rihmi kan si caah a fah khun ti uh silaw kan palh men lai lo dah.

  1. Laissez Faire Capitalism: (Cozoh nih donkham lo in Chawlehnak pawli)

Hi Ramngeitu hna uknak tthalo ruangah mibu bukhat ( t&id; &kid ) hramngeitu pawl an hung chuah i zei chawlehthalnak an tuahpoah ah mah (private) pumpak ceu in tuan a herh. Ram thilri vialte hi cozah nih ngeih ding a si lo ti in mipi ruahnak a hung chuah. Ahram a ngeimi poah cu cozoh nih donkham lo te in chawlehthalnak tuah a herh ko ti in Ram ngeitu pawl uknak kha an vun nor ciammam i an tei hna. Cu tik ah Ducth, Spain, France, Itali le UK hna cu hmunkip ah an thil zuarkhawhnak le thilhrat man fawite hmuh khawhdingnak lam kha vuleicung hmunkip ah thazang le a hram phaisa he hmunhma kawl ah an vak i rili le ramkip ah i engnak le i dohnak pi a chuah i voikhatnak le voihnihnak ral pi hna tiang an chuha ter. Ram ngeitu bupi an tei i thilhrat man fuai te in cawk, a thancho rihlomi hna ram ah man lo in ramchung thil hrat an lakhruak, ramdangmi Afrika mi hna ti bantuk sal in an va tlaih i Amerika vulei thatnak hmun ah riantuanter ti bantuk in ei hmuarnak an tuah than hoi. Man tlawm te pek in riantuantu fial, Ngakchia hna sehzung paoh ah rian tuan ter. Cazong cawnter lo. Sifah fah chin Mirum rum chin ti bantuk in thanchonak a hung chuah. Hi ka ahhin mibupi nun duhdim ti cu a um hoi lo. Mi phungsang le mi ngeitu ca lawng a si i, an mah zong cu an him ve lo. I doh le i thah pengnak in caan an dih ve. Hi hna ruangah a chuahmi a phi cu a tanglei bantuk in an si

(1). Cozah le a hram ngeimi pawl chawlehthalnak rian an i then (2). Ramchung thil paoh a tikho tu nih ngeih dih (3). Riantuantu hna kha lahkha tlawmte pek (4). Ngakchia riantuan fial. (5). A hleihluat in riantuantu hna kha man pek lo in riantuanter, mi thleidannak sang chin a zik ah an phan caah thih le nunnak karlak ah Marx te hna hi ca tiak in siseh, an pumpak in siseh Ahram ngeipawl cu an thuat hna. Thanchonak chawlehthalnak le Politic Patti socialism idea cu atang lei bantuk in an hung tungmer than hoi.

3. Socialists: Politico - Economic

Socialists pawl nih, “(Laisseise capital) cozah le chawlehthal nak cu fiang te in kan i dan a herh ko a ti in ruahnak (idea) a ngeimi sehzung ahram ngeitu hna cungah siseh, biatak in an ngiar than hna.” An zumhning cu ramchung ram leng, sehzung ngan le thilvialte kha mibupi nih ngeih i cu vialte cungah Central Cozah nih nawlngeih dih ti kha a si. Ramchungchuah thilri vialte cu cozah kut tang ah mipi nih i hrawm in riantuanti, a miak kha i phawt cioding ti a si. Ramchung ram len chawlehthalnak cu Socialist cozah nih tlaih dih, Mirum hna le private company poah lakhruakpiak dih i mipi nih ngei ti kha a si. An i timhmi cu Lahkhah niammi dirkamh, sehzung i a miak kha mipi nih a zat cio in i phawtzam cioding ti kha a si. Kawlram Newin chanthawk ah Khuate kip tiang (tamawazama) dirh ti bantuk kha an hei ser a si nain kawl ram ahcun riantuantu hna cu sifah bik cem ah an tla, cozah riantuantu an lahkhah hi a niam ruangah, firnak i ei hmuarnak a chuah tthiam tthiam, Ram cu Mipi nih a ngeih lai ti a si nain Ram cu socialist le communists cozah riantuantu ta ah a hung si leh lam mipi nawl in zeihmanh tuah kho ti lo in mipi tu kha meithal in namchih in. 1962 – ri khan a tutiang an Kawl ram le ram cheukhat ahcun uk peng a si rih. Karlmarx theory bantuk in Rusia ah hmasa Primeminister Linin nih Central Planning government ( Bohu ohchoyi sanit) in hei uk hram a thawk, private sehzung le thilri vialte kha rampi covo ah an hung ser dih hna. 18 – 19th century ah thil sining hi Karlmarz kha nun sehlaw, ka theory i ka duhmi taktak nan khen lo a ti ko hnga!

Rusia ah Linin, leon Throtsky, Rosa Luxemburg and to final authoritatian leaders Joseph stalin, Mao Zedong, le Fidel Castro hna nih private sehhmun le market vialte hna kha pyitu pain ah an lak dih i cozoh uknak tangah an chiah than. Cu tikah

  1. Socialism nih Capital chawlehthalnak cu a ngiar i a hrawk cikcek
  2. Pumpak thil vialte an lakhruak in zapi i hrawmding in an ser dih.
  3. Cozah le party ti in then i party pakhat tangah cozah Bahu (center) in uk a si.
  4. Ram chung thilchuah vialte le sehlei riantuannak vialte cu cozah kut tang ah chiah a si..
  5. An uknak cu bureaucracy style ukning in a si.
  6. Tlang rian thawh phungphai in ram hruai a si.
  7. A pak chawlehthalnak ning in ram hruai a si.
  8. Zeitik hmanh ah pumpak ngeih sehzung riantuannak tuah kho asi ti lo.
  9. Tuahnak nawl licence zong pek a si lo. Hi hna ruangah Welfare Capital a chuahnak an si

4. Welfare Capitalism:

Socialism nih Rusia, china le Nichuah thlanglei kha libang a hninter tikah Nitlaklei zong zei mawzat cu Socialism nih a hninh ve hna. Cu caah, nitlaklei cu Capitalism in Democrecy lei ah an i thlen, an (economic) chawlehthalnak cu Phaisa ahrampi kha a biapi in an chiah. Mipi ngandamnak (model) ah an i thleng. An Pawlasi dun le dan hna cu atanglei bantuk in a si.Cu caah Democracy Wellfare Capitalism nih Dictatorship uknak cu a huat in an huat bak ve.

Hi welfare capitalism nih hin cozah le ram chawlehthalnak (Economics) karlak pehtlaihnak pawlasi tha kha a kawl i a tanglei bantuk in mipi kha dirhkamh le tuah a si.

  1. Welfare capital nih market ah zuardingmi thilri le ni hlawh (Service) kha a chauhter.
  2. Market kha cozah nih control a tuah i (free competition market) duh poah in thilchuah i zuamnak market a on piak hna
  3. Cozoh nih thil zuarnak inn le lo, lam le hlei, tikuang, a dang a herhmi thil a tuahpiak hna.
  4. Cozah nih New human resources (Mithiam sang thar) tampi chuahter le bomh a timh hna
  5. Riantuantu right a pek hna. Lahkha an inchungkhar ei khim zat in a pek hna.
  6. Riantuantu, ngeitu, le manager karlak ah a remh khawhchung a mahkhan a pek hna.
  7. Rian ngeilo in an umnak hngalo an sining cio in rian an ruahpiak hna.
  8. In le lo a mahkhan in an pek hna.
  9. Cozah nih citizenship (ram minung sinak angeimi poah kha (Loan) tampi cawih khawhnak a pek hna.
  10. lakhah a niam deuhmi hna kha ngandamnak, in le lo umnak a makhan a pek hna.
  11. cun tax hi a sinig te in an lak, zeibantuk pawcawmnak sehzung ahme in a ngan tiang ngeih khawhnak licence a pek hna.
  12. Supply (thil chuah a tam poah ah Demand (market thilman a tum) thil tining an zulh.

Hi welfare Capitalism nih hin ni hin Democracy Politico-Economic ( mipi angan a dammi chawlehthalnak Pawlasi lei ah a tungmer pi lengmang hna.) cu caah DEMOCRECY timi cu ram kha mizapi nih an duhmi Parliment an aiawhtu ah an i thiam i cu Parliament nih mipi duhnak an pawlasi bantuk in uk kha a si. Politics le chawlehthalnak kha dun le dan ning te in mipi thanchonak ah lam a kalpi cuahmah hna. Chanchuah chanthar thanchonak ahhin Democracy Politico-economic pawlisi hi a thabik tizong in auh khawh a si lo nain mipi duhning in a dang Politico-economic pawlisi min dang a chuah rih lo caah Mipi ngandamnak a pek tu thanchonak a si khawhnak hnga mah le term kum 5 voikhat ti bantuk in zohfiang le remh than lengmangmi a si rih. Hmailei a min tha deuhmi an hmuh khawh ahcun cu tining in thlen le hmanthanding a si than te ko lai.

V. DEMOCRACY POLICY TUNGTLANGPI.

  1. The Pillars Of Democracy Policy
  • Down to top ruler ( Mipi le local a hrambunh i ram hruainak a si)
  • Sovereignty of the people. ( Mipi lianngannak kha biapi in an chiah)
  • Government based upon consent of the governed. (Zapi lungtlingnak lakmi cungah in Cozah kalpi a si).
  • Majority rule. Mitam deuh duhnak in ram kalpi le hruai a si.
  • Minority rights. ( mibu hmete vialte zong mah le sining ngeihmi covo pek a si)
  • Guarantee of basic human rights. ( Minung sinak hrampi ngeihmi covo kha fekfual te in a dir kamh)
  • Free and fair elections. ( tliang le zalen thimnak nawl pek a si)
  • Equality before the law. ( Dan le dun hmai ah Mizapi i khahnak)
  • Due process of law. ( Athami dun le dam sersiam than lengmang)
  • Constitutional limits on government. Hruaitu hna cungah daan bantuk in hruainak ram ri an ngei.
  • Social, economic, and political pluralism. Minung tlawnlen dan, Chawlehthalnak, le I hruaining ah ruahnak kauhpi ngei in hruaimi a si.

  1. Minung A Simi Poah Nih A Co Hnga Dingmi Hrampi, (Basic Human Rights)
  • Right to due process and fair trial. Thilharmi fiangter le covo hngadingmi thanter.
  • Right to equal protection of the law (Upadi ning in mipi i khahnak kha dirkamh ding)
  • Freedom of assembly and association ( Zalon te in zeibu poah pehtaih tuanti ding)
  • Values of tolerance, pragmatism, cooperation, and compromise (mah duhnak thumh i mipi lei tanh, tuanti, a tu thil sining hmuhfiang, ing khawhnak man ngeih hna hi a si.)
  • Freedom of speech, expression, and the press. Zalon te in duhmi poah chim le rel khawhnak.
  • Freedom of religion. Zalon te in Pathian Biak cio ding,

c. Democracy Politics, Economics, And Pluralism

  1. Democracy ram ahcun chawlehthalnak zumhnak hrampi phungphai hi dikkacik an ngei lem lo nain miphun thleidannak an ngei ti lo. Zei paoh hi (Pluralism) thil a thatnak lei paoh zoh an timh hna.
  2. Zanlennak market hi biapi ah an chiah.
  3. Democracy cozah i rian nganbik ah a ngeihmi hna cu, Mipi nih a cohngadingmi chawlehthalnak cungah (Equalibrum) ikhatnak le (social welfare) mipi ngandamnak, hi an Pawlasi ngan bik hi a si.
  4. Cozah i a ngeihmi rian ngan bikmi pawl cu,

a) Ramchung, ram leng (sehin i chawnhbiaknak) telecommunications, le Media pehtlaihnak, (Transportation) tezu pusawngzi, le a dang sehzung nganpawl an si.

b) Cun ngandamnak sizung, rianngei lo rianpek, adangdang chambaumi pawl phihpiak a si.

c) (A[kd tkyf cslLyf a&;) Consrvative thilhlun tlaihchanpeng mi pawl he an market freedom pawl an thil tining he cun an i dan. Abiapi ah chawleh chawhrawl thanchonak le (technology) thil tuahthiamnak tining thanchonak le rumnak an biapit ning hna hi a kau khawhchung in rian tuan an i timh.

d) Ramkhelnak nak in mipi i khah le ngandam kha an biapit ter. Cozah nih zalen te in sehin riantuannak (company) le tuahkhawhnak licen mipi kha a pek i an mah le an sehzung thilchuahmi cung cio ah zalente in a man an i khiah cio. Asi nain riantuantu lahkha tlawmtuk pek cu an dirkamh hna.

Cu caah ramkhelnak le chawlehthalnak cu unau bantuk an si. Ramkhelnak a tha lo ahucn chawlehthalnak a tlam a tling lo i. mipi cu tuar le hram a si. Morris Abramus nih a chim mi cu , “Freedom alone may not guarantee economic success but repression most certainly guarantees economic failure." Mipi Zalennak lawnglawng aupi mi nihhin chawlehthal hlawhtlingnak amahkhan taktaknak a si thluh lemlo. Asinain chawlehthalnak ram chungah a tlalonak hnga dirkamh hi a herh,” a ti. , a peh rihmi cu, Vuleicung market hlawh atlingnak hnga! le a rumnak hnga! ramkhat le ramkhat i hngatchan a biapit ning hi i ceih chung zungzal a hau,” a ti..

5. Voices ( An Tlangau)

Democracy ram hna ah, a tang leipawl hi biapi in an chiami hna cu, “Democracy ram hna ahcun, a ralkanhmi (opposision) patti pawl tthawng hi a biapi ngaimi a si,” an ti. . Asi nain riantuan tinak (international welfare policy le labour) vuleicung minung riantuantu hna nun ngandamnak kong pawlisi ahcun an i komh, ningcang tein bu dirh le ser hna kha an biapit ter ngaingai. A komhmi hna bu ser, zalen tein tlangau, zei poahpoah ah thiamngai in riantuan. Asinain Biaknak dangdang riantuantu upa le catialtu hna Soisel nak ah an tthawng ngaingai ve. An lunglut bikmi hna cu a hme le a ngan sehhmuh in thilri sernak, Krifa bu, le Siangin hna cu tha an pek ngaingai fon hoi.

Democracy nih biapi rian in aa chiahmi cu (thanchonak, pawcawmnak le rumnak hna ningcang lo in a tlu sual lai ti hi an “risk” paih a zuam bikmi hna a si.

Thomas Jefferson said, “the promise of democracy is "life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness." nih a chimmi cu, “Democracy i a biakam bikmi cu mipi i duhdim nun, mipi zalonnak le mipi hnangam lunglomhnak hna hi biapi ah a kawl zungzal,” tiah an ti.

Achap rihmi cu, “Democracy i paih a zuambikmi le a biakam cu minung sinak le zalennak upat, mah te in khuakhan lairelnak hlawhtling ter, hmunkhat te ah riantuanti, an mah pumpak duhning tein khuakhan lairel, pumpak zalen tein chawlehnak a (khun azi), le mipi i rualremnak hna hi a si. Hi paih a zuam cuahmahmi vialte teinak lam cu mipi tanrualnak liangcungah a hram a bunh ti dah lo cun a dang rian zeihmanh um lo,” tiah an ti.

Josef Brodsky, Rusia phuntluk minthang Noble Prize a hmuhtupa nih a tialmi cu, “ Mipi nih anmah cio te in an nunnak rian cu i thim a si caah Mipi vanchiatnak a tong tikah tuanvo a laktu cu a donghnak ah Mipi Democracy a si thiamthiam bantuk in Mipa pakhat a zalennak a hlohtik ah aho hmanh mawhchiat awk a tha lo,” tiah a ti.

VI. SOCIALISM LE DEMOCRACY AN I DANAK.

Socialism nih hin mipi zalennak hi an aupi ve ko nain a ziktaktak cu a phan lo. Dr. Fernondo nih a chimmi cu, “(Middle class}mi lailak pawl autocrat uknak nawl an lak tikahcun “Power love” Nawl ngeihnak duhtuk ah an i thi hruh chih,” tiah a ti. ASI. 2003 letter note.

  1. .Socialism Administration le Organization cu, (Bureaucrac model) a si .
  2. Procedure le Policy hi faktuk in an dirpi
  3. Principle hi an ka in an aupi ngaingai.
  4. An i bawiter tuk
  5. Patti Pakhat lawng an biapit ter.
  6. Hierarchism Top to down ( Cunglei in tanglei namchih in uk a si).
  7. Corruption, ziknawh le cabuai tang cabawm a tamtuk.
  8. No freedom fair right to speech. (Zalen te in chim le relnak nawl a um lo)
  9. Ram chung thanchonak cu mipi caah tiah an au ko nain mah pumpak lomhnak an kawl deuh.
  10. Economics stagnate or close door. ( Chawlehthalnak ah apak asilo le kut ka khar Pawlisi in ram kalpi a si.
  11. Unitarian Oganization: Bahu uknak a si.

Cu caah socialism nih hin a unau a simi uknak phunkha hriam mam in mi hmuahchih uknak hi a chuahpi lengmang hna.


1. Dictatorship

Ni hin Ram Thanchonak a donbikmi an timi cu Dictatorship hi a si i international Economic trade ah an huat bikmi a si.

  1. dictatorship hi Abik in Ralkap uknak a si. Mipa pakhat duhnak in ram (office) uk a si. Ralkap chairman of state office a lak tikah fawi te in hrawk hi a har ngaingai.
  2. Cunglei in Anaa in namchih uk a si or a herh le Marshall law order chuah cawlh.
  3. Mah hi Spain nih an hman hmasa bik
  4. “Ponunciamento” timi bia in a ra i a sullam cu Proclaim “Phuan”ti a si. Adang in chim ahcun (conference or board) tonkhomnak committee ti zong in auh a si i department ah officer (hruaitu tampi tuanvo an i phawt hna. Alubik cu General nganbik a si. An dihlak an mah le rian cio in cunglei nawl i ngeih a si.
  5. Acaan caan ah Army Comander cu chairman of State ti zong in auh a si.
  6. Dictatorship nih hin mipi an rum le an sifah, an Zalennak “human right” hi an ruat lem lo, an mah anaa hramfeknak lawng an ruat.
  7. Mipi uknak ah rule and regulation an ngei lo cunglei, tlacawp judges an hman. Mipi dirkamhnak international upadi a um ko, a si nain an hmaiah san atlai lo. Mipi dirkamh tu Sini an um ko. An hmai ah hman awk an tha lo. An sini ngan bik cu ralkap order pek kha a si ko. Cu caah Kawl ram ah mithi thiang hna aunak ah an thahmi hna kha Kawlram ahcun dirkamh tu upadi ngei lo tluk a si. Cu cah ramdang nih an auhnawh lengmangmi cu uihrik sehtluk hmanh an rel phah lonak a si.
  8. Mipi caah loan an tuah piak lo, rural development hna hi tuahpiak ah zei an rel lo. An tuahpiak hmanh ah an bawibik in riantuanti hna tiang in 75% cu an zuh than I mipi ca hmanding cu 25% lawng a tang..
  9. An mah a dohtu poah thah ah an thling a za lo.
  10. Mipi nih thanchonak duh i an ser hmanh ah an duh lo le an hrawkpiak.
  11. Mifim nih ruahnak zong cheuh khawh a si lo.

Hi hna kut tangah Zei bantuk agency hmanh nih an mipi caah Development tuah khawh a si lo. Ram thanchonak cu Mipi cungah um lo in Uktupa Pakhat cung lawngah a hngakchan.

West ah Latin America, Europe ah Soviet Unnion of Rasia le Afarica hna ah, socialism le detatorship hna hi ai rawhphahnak a si. China hi Central planning Model in communism a kal pi nain, Western Ideology Capitalism he cawh in a ram a kal pi. Vuleicung ah a thanchomi le a nuammi ram cu an si theng lo.

Ni hin vuleicung Dictatorship Ram hna cu a tanglei bantuk in an si. Zeiram pawl dah dictatorship ah a tang rih hna ti kha zoh khawh an si.

Nihin tiang Ralkap cozoh nih dictatorship in ram a ukmi hna ram 62 lak ah a uk rihmi hna ram cu a tanglei ram 6 hna hi vuleicungah an tang rih. Thailand le Pakistan cu a rauh hlanah Democracy ah an i thleng kho cawlh lai ti zumhnak a um. Hi hna lak ah Sudam le Kawl ram koko hi zangfah an um bik.

  1. Fiji – hi 2006 in a tutiang; cun 1987 in 2000 tiang
  2. Thailand - since the 2006 Thai coup at present
  3. Libya - since the 1969 at present
  4. Myanmar (Burma) - since the 1962 at present.
  5. Sudan since 1958 at Present
  6. Pakistan (1999-2007) at Present

Africa ah Dictatorship pawl an hram in an donghnak tiang zohkhawh an si.

  1. Algeria (1965-1992)
  2. Burkina Faso (1966-1991)
  3. Burundi (1966-1993)
  4. Central African Republic (1966-1979, 1981-1993)
  5. Chad (1975-1996)
  6. Democratic Republic of the Congo (1965-2003)
  7. Republic of the Congo (1968-1992)
  8. Egypt (1952-present)
  9. Equatorial Guinea (1968-1987)
  10. Ethiopia (1974-1991)
  11. The Gambia (1994-1996)
  12. Ghana (1966-1970, 1972-1979, 1981-1993)
  13. Guinea (1984-1993)
  14. Liberia (1980-1990)
  15. Libya (1969-present)
  16. Madagascar (1972-1993)
  17. Mauritania (1978-1992, 2005-2007)
  18. Niger (1974-1993, 1996-1999)
  19. Nigeria (1966-1979, 1983-1999)
  20. Rwanda (1973-1994)
  21. Sierra Leone (1967-1968, 1992-1996, 1997-1998)
  22. Somalia (1969-1991; then local militia rule)
  23. Sudan (1958-1964, 1969-1986, 1989-Present)
  24. Uganda (1971-1986)

Americas ram chungah cun an dih cang hna

  1. Argentina (1930-1932, 1943-1946, 1955-58, 1962-1963, 1966-1973, 1976-1983)
  2. Bolivia (1964-1982)
  3. Brazil (1930–1934, 1937–1945, 1964-1985)
  4. Chile (1924, 1927-1931, 1973-1990)
  5. Colombia (1953-1957)
  6. Cuba (1933-1940, 1952-1959)
  7. Dominican Republic (1844-1978 with a few exceptions)
  8. Ecuador (1963-1966, 1972-1979)
  9. El Salvador (1931-1984)
  10. Guatemala (1931-1944, 1954-1986)
  11. Haiti (1957-1990, 1991-1994)
  12. Honduras (1963-1971, 1972-1982)
  13. Nicaragua (1936-1979)
  14. Panama (1968-1989)
  15. Paraguay (1940-1948, 1949-1989)
  16. Peru (1821-1845, 1866-1872, 1928-1933, 1948-1956, 1968-1980)
  17. Suriname (1980-1988)
  18. Uruguay (1973-1985)
  19. Venezuela (1908-1935, 1952-1958)

East and South Asia Ram chungah hin Thailand le Kawl ram an tang rih.

  1. Bangladesh (1975-1990)
  2. Burma/Myanmar(1962-Present)
  3. Republic of China (local militia rule 1916-1928; military rule 1928-1949)
  4. Indonesia (1967-1998)
  5. Iraq (1958-1968, 1979-2003)
  6. Japan (1932-1945)
  7. Khmer Republic (1970-1975)
  8. Pakistan (1958-1971 (disputed)1, 1978-1988, 1999-2007)
  9. Philippines (1943-1945, 1972-1981)
  10. South Korea (1961-1979, 1980-1988)
  11. South Vietnam (1963-1975)
  12. Taiwan (1949-1975)
  13. Thailand (1933-1957, 1958-1973, 1976-1988, 1991-1992, 2006-Present)

Europe Ram chungah an dih cang hna.

  1. Greece (1967-1974)
  2. Poland (1926-1935, 1981-1989)
  3. Portugal (1926-1932)
  4. Romania (1940-1944)
  5. Spain (1923-1930, 1939-1975)
  6. Turkey (1960-1961, 1971-1973, 1980-1983)

Ni hin kan Kawl ram cu Ralkap uknak in caan saupi an kan uk caah thanchonak ahhin Vuleicung ah chan hnu aa thlai bikmi kan si. Ram thanchonak a zik kan phan khawhnak hnga cu Kawl Ralkap Cozah hi a hram phelh lawnglawngah a thancho khodingmi khi a si. Ram pumpi chawlehthal thanchonak hi a cunglei ka chim hna bantuk in Uknak Politics a tha le tha lo cungah a hram a bunh caah, a hmasa bikah Polictic a chiakhami kha remh le ser than hmasa a herhmi mi a si. Cu lawnglawng ah ram thanchonak cu a tlangpi deuh in serthan khawh a si. Ni hin kan Kawl cozah nih, a lamkip in kan thanchonak ding ah dontu a si ti kan theih bantuk in kan ram thanchonak dirkamh a herh ahhin Nangmah le kei mah cungah a ummi manpower kha hman thiam a herh i cu tik lawnglawng ah ram cu a ngan a dammi le a thanchomi ram ah ser khawh a si.

VII. MIBUPI THANCHONAK CU NANGMAH NAI THLEN HMASA NAK AH A HRAM A BUNH. (Base on Your Personal change is affective of Society change in Development.)

REFLECTION:

a) Evolution in ( story) Namah nai thlen hmasa lawngah Ram kha ai thlen khawh ve.

  1. Intellual. Fimnak ah nai thleng maw? (Admin and Organization)
  2. technology ( ah zeitluk in na thei i nai thleng
  3. Na thiammi cu (pratical experiment) in zeitluk na theimi na hman khawh.
  4. Cun na thiamnak cu na hman tikah zeitluk in chungkhar, khua le ram (local, state in nation) tiang i thlengnak ah hmual a ngei ti kha i zoh fiang philh hlah uh sih.

b) Ideologists and realty of Pragmatists:

Ideologists pawl nih, “zei hi dah thil tha le thil thalo a si ti cu an ruatzungzal i a ceih lawng an ceih i cabuaicung ah a dong lengmang ton,” tiah an ti.

Reality of Pragmatists pawl, (Life is today but never to come tomorrow ) “Ni hin kan tonmi le ka theihmi hi tuahserhnak taktak in langhter kha a bia pi,” tiah an ti ve. Jame nih, “tuahserhnak tel lem lo in zumh cu zumhnak thi a si,” tiah a ti ve ( Jame 2: 17) thil hi a hman tiah kan thei ko nain tuah lo le chim fiang lomi hi miphun thanchonak a thahtu sivai phunkhat a si. Kawl a chozah uknak hi a thalo tiah kan theih ko nain chimngam ruah ngamnak a um lo caah vuleicung ah a si a fahbikmi ram ah kan i chuah. A si le cu ti cu maw kan zoh sawhsawh ko kun ne lai.

c) Conflict (buaibainak a um maw)

Natural law( Human behavior) a ho cawnpiaknak hmanh tel lem lo in thil tha le thil thalo thleidan thiamnak na lungthin nih na theimi kha Natural law ti cu a si. (Na ram chung ah politic) nih thanchonak zeitluk in dah that hnemnak a tuah a silo le zeitluk in dah a don timi na theimi lungthin kha hman thiam a herh ngaingai. Na ram Uktu hna le riantuantu hna zeitluk an i thlau, mi nih cohngadingmi covo le chim le rel khawhnak a um maw? Biaknak lei zalennak a um maw?. Mipi sifah rehternak ah cozah nih zeitluk in a bomh khawh. Ram thilhrat a chuahmi hi mipi caah zeitluk in a that hnem. Ramkhelnak, chawlehthalnak, le fimthiam cawnnak te hna hi, mipi caah a that hnem maw? a si loah capitalism le buereucracy chanbantuk in (elite) cunglei uktu hna thathnemnak ca lawnglawng ah dah a si ti hna kha ruah in tuahtan a hau. Cu kaa hmun in mipi caah a tha tiah na hmuhmi kha rel, tial ve tuah ve chuahlanghnak tuahkhawh kha ram thanchonak a hram i thawhnak cu a si ko. Athalo ti in na thluak nih na theih i na lungthin le na nunnak nih a cohlan kho lomi kha zeitindah na thleng lai. Kei cu hi hna he hin pehtlainak ka ngei lemlo na ti lai maw? (kan Bible ni, “Mipa pakhat thil thalo a tuahti na theih ko nain, na chim lo i na remhpiak lo ahcun nangmang zong misualpa tanghtu na si i amah he nai hlei lo,” tiah a ti.) “thiltha tuahding ti na theih ko i tuah lo cu sualnak a si,” tiah Bible nih a ti ve)

Europe ah, Capitalism, Feudalism, Colonilism hna kha Durkhem, KarlMarx le Matin Luther te hna nih ca he, pumpak riantuannak he an thleng. ( Na khua na peng na ram ah, zeibantuk buainak le harnak an tongmi dah na hmuh i zeitin dah thlen na duh) hi thilhna hi na ruat bal maw? (Kan cozah nih, Mipi zalennak a buar, Lam, inn le lo, mei, a ser lo, thanchonak tuah duh le a onh fon lo a hartuk. ( An min cu Peace, State and Development Council) an ti zei hmanh an tuah lo. Tuah duhmi hna zong an onhpiak hna lo bantuk in a tuahpiak mi hna UNDP a lunganbik hna cu Kawlram in an thawl. Asi le zeitin dah na tuah lai i na tling ter ve lai. Cu caah ram thanchonak ah ahram ser hmasa dingmi cu zei dah a si tin a thei fian ahcun ahcun thlenve dingah nangzong nai tel ve lai lo maw?

d) ‘Functionalists Theory hi zohthan rih tuah hna u sih

Kan Kawlram hi zoh law, Ram ramkhat Uknak ah (Politics) ram khelnak, Economics, chawlehthalnak hna hi (dependent) a hngat chan kho vevemi a si maw? ti kawl a hau. Cozah uknak timi cu Mah ram chung lawnglawng ah cawlcanghmi si lo in ramdang hna he pehtlaihnak a ngei. Kawl kan phaisa khi a zeiruang ah vuleicung pi ah hman khawh a si lo ti kha ruah na ruat bal maw?. Vuleicung chawlehthalnak world trade pi ah UN i theihpinak ah kan kawlram phaisa kha cohlan khawhnak pawlisi ah luhpi ve a hau. Cucu kawl a cozah nih a tuah lo i Economic stagnate ah a um caah, Vulei cung chawlehthalnak kha kawlram he hin a remcang (functional) ti lo. Cu caah kawl ram ah Western Union Bank zong tuah khawh a si lo bantuk in Dolar zong kawl bank ah kuat khawh zong a si ti lo. Hi hna nihhin Kawlram a tlangpi thanchonak a remcang po (functional) lo caah a don ngaingai. Uknak a tha lo caah, Ramkip nih Chawlehthalnak saction (phihnak a tuahthan tik ah kawlrampi chawlehthalnak zong a don kham hoi. Politic cungah hin Rampi chawlehthalnak thanchonakpi kha a hram a bunh caah kawl Politics nihhin Kan i economic pi thanchonak lam tampi a phih ti kha hmuh khawh a si. Cun ngandamnak caah a herhmi phaisa , mibupi thanchonak lam le sul tuahnak, Fimthiamnak tuahnak, ral thuam runvennak saction ti bantuk ah kan zoh i kan cozah pi nih, Ralkap runvennak ah 34% GDP an hman lio ah, a dang atangmi Education ah 9.3% lawng a hman, Health ah 3.5% lawng a hman Irrigation 17% hna hman a si tikah kapkhatlei lawng a lermi unfunctional ram thanchonak caah phaisa kha Ka cozah nih a hman caah ram cu zeitik hmanh ah a ngam a dammi thanchonak ah a kal kho lo. Defence hi biapituk in a a ruah caah kan si a fak. North Korea he kan i hlei lo.

(http://www.iseas.edu.sg/trends1020.pdf) 2000.

1. Eg. Hydro Electric hna ningcang te in hman thiam ahcun zeibantuk office rian le economic vialte a tlam atling kho. Asinain Kawlram ahcun Hydro electric tuahkhawnak ah GDP phaisa hmannak a tlawmtuk caah ram thanchonak ah Electric nih a hlawhtling pi kho lo. Media, Hotel, factory tampi aa din. Zeipoah hi mah le a ruangte in (functional) structure a hau ti kha theih a herhmi a si. Ralkap hriamnam tamtuk hmannak nih ram daihnak le thanchonak duhdim nun a zik hi a phanpi lo ti kan theifiang a hau.

  1. Budget tlamtling kan ngei ma?
  2. Administration and organization and management a tlam a tling ma?
  3. Technician tlamtling kan ngei ma (human resouses kan ngei ma? ti hna kha ruah a herh mi hna an si.

Tah chunhnak ah sehhmuh ingeneer pa cu Ralbawi a si tik ah sehlei thanchonak a functional lo bantuk in Education Vuanci pa cu Ralbawi thiamthiam a si tikah a si thiam hoi lo. Health vuanci pa cu Doctor si awk a si nain Ralbawipa a si hoi tikah a chung riantuan ding tlamtling an hmuh kho hoi ti lo. Hi hna nihhin thanchoding tluk in thancho lo dingah human resourseces nih donkhamnak a kan pek ti kha kan theih awk a si. Cu caah ramkhelnak ttha lo nih chawlehthalnak pi kha a hrawh ti uh silaw kan palh men lai lo.

VIII. RAM THANCHONAK DINGAH ZEI BANTUK HARNAK DONTU DAH NA NGEI. (What are your statement of Problems in the Development of Nation?)

Ram thanchonak ser na duh a si ahcun, khuate, khuapi thawk in rampi chungtiang an dontu a si mi harnak (Problem kha kawl a herh) Cu problem cu na hmuh hnu lawnglawng ah zeitin dah (treatment) phisin dingin project kan tuah lai ti kha ruahdamh khawh a si. Cun Problem harnak na hmuh hnuah zeibantuk Method, le Strategy hman in thanchonak tuah dingah kan fuh lai ti kha na ruah a hau hmasami a si.

  1. Thanchonak caah kan ruahding mi.

1. Na cozah nih socialist Politico – economic lam maw a zulh, Democracy Politico – economic lam dah a zulh ti kha na thei fiang a hau. A si lo le zeilam hmanh zulh loin amah duhpaoh in ram a ukmi Dictatorship lam dah a zulh ti kha theih fiang a hau.

2. Cu hna lam pakhatkhat kha a zulh i a palh ko ti na hmuh ko ahcun zeitin dah na phisin lai. Daite in maw kan um ve ko kun lai.

3. Cozah policy nih zeitluk in thanchonak a chuahpi i zeitluk in dontu a si ti kha thei fiang a hau. A tu road make pi a ser zongahin mipi damnak taktak hi a um hnga maw? ti zohfiang a hau.

4. Cozah nih finance zeitluk in mipi a bawmh kho i a bawmh kho lo ti kha na hmuh fiang a hau.

5. (Networking ) Non government pawl he riantuantinak ah zeitluk in Na cozah nih dontu a si i zeitluk in lam an onhpiak ti kha na thei fiang a hau.

6. Thanchonak dontu ral nganbik cu kan sining hlun (Culture) thlen duh lo hi a si ti kha i zoh fiang le theih fiang a hau.

7. Acozah tel lo in nangmah na pumpak, a silo le bute pakhat khat ram thanchonak a mah le level te in tuankhawhmi a ngei ti zong kha theih fiang a hau ve ko nain ram pumpi thanchonak ahcun a cozah pawlisi that le that lonak cung ah a hngat chan caah, cozah Pawlisi nih onh lo le tanpinak umlomi cungahcun a khur a nuar ngaingai ti theih a hau.

Hi hnacung ah ruahnak an pekkhotu a sinak hnga! Kan ram thanchoterding ah Project tuah naduh a si ahcun atanglei harnak hna pakhat hnu pakhat ruat law zeidah a bau ti kha kawl tuah.

  1. Project Area (Hmun le hma i hamnak )
    1. Project hmun pakhat kha Area, or khua kha i thim
    2. Minung le Saram ( zeizat dah an um)
    3. An pawcawmnak bik hi zeidah a si. An i harpi mi pawcawmnak thei fiang.
    4. Communication ( lam le sul transportation a har maw? media in bia ruahnak a tha maw?
    5. Education (Fim thiam cawnnak an bau ma?)
    6. Religious ( zei bantuk Biaknak hna dah a um.
    7. An ngamdamnak bik ( An ngamdam lonak bik zeidah a si. ( Maleria, diary or chanthar zawtnak tbk.
    8. Riantuan khawhnak ram an ngei mi ( lei le ram tuankhawhmi kauh bi le milu an i kaih ma}
    9. fing le tlang ti luan an ngeimi umtuning le khua caan a tha ma?
    10. Thanchonak a donkhamtu bik zeidah a si.?
    11. Natural resources zeitluk an ngei?
    12. Human resourse zeitluk an ngei?
    13. Workforce’s zeitluk an ngei?
    14. Finance zeitluk a herh khoi kaa in finance ka lak lai ti bantuk kha na tuahtan a hau lai.
    15. Hi hna hi fimnak pek awareness maw a herh, Project tuahding dah timi kha record ah fiangte in tial hna.

  1. Project Tuahning: Paroblem pakhat na hmuh tikah Title pakhat I thim law a tanglei hna bantuk in tial tuah hna.

  1. Project rationale (zei ruangah project tuahding ah a herhmi abiapit pawl kha fiang te in tial)
  2. Activities: Budget zeizat a herh, riantuantu zeizat a herh, tuah dih tik ah mipi caah zeitluk a miaknak a chuah lai ti kha aman khiah chung hna.
  3. zei method le theory dah na hman lai
  4. Implementation ( hlawhtling terding ah rian thawh.
  5. Monitoring ( Project uktu thate thim law rian pek)
  6. Evaluation( aman khiahnak tuah law na project zoh fianghna)
  7. Feeback. (Mipi sinah an thatpinak le an harpinak kha hal hna.
  8. Examine good result and bad result (Feasibility). Ahlawhtlingnak le tling lonak theih fiang law ( na ngawl lai maw na peh lai ruat law biachahnak tuah
  9. Reconstruction ( Aherh ti an hmuh le Ser than)

d. Development strategies:

Acozah nih a tuandingmi hna

  1. Lam khualtlawnnak, Mei le inn le lo, Media in pehtlaihnak le Anganmi Sehhmuh rian le finance bawnhnak hna le Budget hrampi chuahkhawhnak hna cu cozah rian a si.

Cozah tel loin tuahkhawhmi thanchonak

  1. “Ahmemi pawcawmnak kip
  2. Ahmunmi Lo thlawh thingphawrhnak le thing le ram cinnak
  3. Saram zuatnak,
  4. Agro-agreculture thingkung ramkung cinnak
  5. a hmemi sehlei riantuannak
  6. Vocational training ( Inn le lo ah pumpak pawcawnnak cawnpiaknak tehna hi an si
  7. long and short traing, ( Cansau le Cantuai cawnpiak nak)
  8. Na thiammi kha zungzal hmunmi cawnpiaknak (institution) le zei hmunhma poah ah cawnpiaknak strategy hna kha hman khawh a si.
  9. Formal and informal Education and training( Ningcang te a si zongah, tuahton zungzal ning te in a si lo zongah mipi naih i riantuan ti khawh cua a si ve ko.

IX. THANCHONAK TUAH KHAWHNAK LAM.

1. A tlawnbik ah mipi Federal mahte in khuakhan lairelnak tal kan hmuh lawngah Azeimaw zat cu Rampumpi thanchonak tuah khawh a si. State Nation level in zalennak kan hmuhkhawh ahcun a tha chinchin hnga? Fedrel State hmu kan duhmi cu kan duhmi Parliament kan ngei lai i cu parliament pa/nu nih kan herhmi kha Central State ah share rule ah kan covo kha halpiak khawhdingmi kha a si.

2. Fedrel state tling tal kan ngeih ahcun Lairam nih EconomicPawlisi cu mah duhning tein chawlehthalnak cu i ser khawh a si lai caah thanchonak lam pakhat ah kar a hlan tinak a si.

3. Zei bantuk NGO pawl hna he kan ram ah riantuanti khawhnak nawl kha kan cozah nih a duhpi a hau.

4. Mah tein i uknak kan hmuh ahcun UNDP, ADB (Asian Development Bank) Ramdang kip he zong duhpoah nih Phaisa Cuaihkhawhnak le tanrual tikhawhnak lam ah luh khawh a si.

Conclusion

1. What we need Development? Zei caah thanchonak cu kan herh. Thanchonak cu Mi vialte kan man sungluai bik (Value) a si ( Thinlung, Taksa, Thlaurau damnak kan herh.

Thinglung damnak ah, justice, ( Iraulnak , peace (daihnak), le love, (dawtnak hna hi kan ram ah a leng lawnglawng ah thanchonak tlamtling leiah kar ka hlah cang ti khawh a si. Kan ram ah thanchonak le thancho tuahkhawhnak a um lo ruangah kan mipi cu kan vulei le ram te hmanh ah umding an thla a tla ti lo i ramdang pem le pet kan duhnak a si.

Taksa damnak: Ti le rawl kan khin maw?, cawpawmnak tlamtling le rumnak, ngamdamnak le fimnak ah kan than cho maw? ti kawl a hau. Kan ram ah hi hna hi hmuh an har ngaingai na ti ko lo mei. Phaisa man a um lo tluk in zaram caah hmuh (income) a har fawn.

Thlarau damnak lei ah, Zeibantuk Biaknak pawl dah kan ram ah a um. Zei bantuk biaknak dah kan thanchonak ah a kan dohtu bik a si. Kan ram nih a herh lo mi biaknak, Laimi a kan tumchuk tertu religion kan ngei maw?. ( Ni hin Krifa aa timi laimi ah a ngan a dam ma. Biaknak vialte rualrem te in a umti kho maw? ( a doh lengmang maw. or riantuan ti tha an si maw? timi pawl hi ruahlo awk tha a si lo. A si ahcun Budha le Krifa, Musalem le Buddha, ti bantuk kar lak a hrem lengmangmi an si maw? ti hna kha zoh fiang a hau.

2. Why we need development? ( zeiruang ah thancho kan herh, ( Zei harnak kan tawng, Thanchonak a kan donkham bikmi hi zeidah a si. kan problem kan theih fiang maw? kan theih fiang nak ding ah zeitin kan tuah lai. ( Polotic, Economic and Religious) view pathum kha na mit thlam ah na cuangter a hau colh.

3.How shall we do our development? ( Cu harnak chungin zeibantuk a lamkip ah kan thangkhawhnak hnga zei theory kan zulh lai i zei strategy le method hman in kan ram kan ser lai ti cu ruah damh leng mang a herh. Ka theimi kha tuan cawlh a herh ko. Ram thanchonak cu mipakhat in Mibupi tiang a huap caah kei cu kai tel lai lo ti khawh a si hrimhrim lo. Kan dihlak tuanding rian a si bantuk in kan si tawk in tuanti, khan ti a herh hrimhrim ko.

Hi cunglei in ka tialmi, socialism or communism ram hna an pawlisi cungah a tlangpi in an tthacho, an tthat hnempi le pilo ning, Democracy ram ah an tthat hnempi le pilo ning hna cuaithlai tahchunh in zeilam dah Chin mi nih zulh uh silaw, kan ram hi nun duhdimnak lei kan panh khawh hnga! ti cu mipi thinlung ah a hngakchanmi a si timi ruahchannak nganpi he hi an pawlasi hna hi kan thei a herh socialism pawlisi zong hi a ttha thlu lo i a chiathlu ve lo bantuk in Democracy ram i a zalennak an pawlisi hnazong hi huat a tlaimi zong a tampi ve ti te hna hi ruat chih in Kan Chin ram zei tin dah Tthachonak Nunduhdim lei ah ka tungmer lai titu hi a biapi ngaingaimi a si.

Voi khat cu, Amican Presidentpa Rosvel, United Kingdom Primister Church Hill le Soviet Union Russia Priminister Starlin Linin hna vuleicung hel in khua an tlawngti ti a si. Rusia ram an va naih ramri an phan i an zip cu Russia Priminister Linin nih a mawngh i lam lai ah Cawpi cu thuhuar in a it ko. Linnin nih a thawh i, “ Rosvel nangmah ngakchia bik ah Cawpi khi va thawl,” tiah a ti. Rosvel nih cun ei a ti i Zip chungin liklak a chuah i, “cawpi tholaw kal na tholo ahcun kan kap lai hi,” tiah a tlerh. Cawpi cu a zei hmanh a poi lo, cu tikah a Pistol cu a tai ah a zuh i na kal lo le kan kap taktak lai hi a ti i a Pistol cu van ah a puak,”. Cawpi cu zei nemmam hlah a lu hmanh a tun lo. Church Hill nih lilak a chuah ve i, “Cawpi thi maw na duh tholaw kal zawk na kal lo ahcun kan kap taktak lai hi,” tiah a ti ve. Cawpi cu hnachet bang a tho hoi lo, A pistol cu a tai ah a vai zuh i, cawpi pawngte vulei kha pheolak in a kap. Cawpi cu zei ruat nemmam hlah a bawh thiamthiam. Linin nih cu cawpi thol hmanh san nan tlai lo a ti pah ah a chuak, “hay cawpi na tho lailo ti na ngamh taktak maw? na thoduh lo le na hnapheh kan dawh lai i Russia ah pawtor kan dawh lai,” tiah a ti. Cu tikah a bia hmanh a dongh hlanah, Pawtor timi Cawpi nih a theih cang ka te in a hnar fik a tum i a tlinak hman an hmuh manh lo ti a si. Cucu vuleicung a kal cuahmahmi Western le Easterm Ram an khelnak pawlisi cu a si.

Cu caah ni hin u le nau hna kan ram kong ruat ahcun lung a fah, ngei a chiat, ruatnak a pik, mithli hulni a um lo, kan thla a kam, ram chuahtak zawngah a poi kan ti ti lo. Zunngaih in ram cu a hrum riangriang ko, minung dirhmun zong kan lawh lo. Tahnak hla ah, “ furpi a dih i thal a hungchuak, a si nain kan khamhnak cu a rah hlei lo,” tiah a ti mi kha kan ram ah a tling taktak. Vulei cung minung hna hmai ah saram dirhmun tluk hmanh ah ruat ka si ti lo. Kan thil hmanh hi miphar chawnhkhawhmi zawtnak tluk in an kan ruat. Kan phaisa hmanh hi tonghthamh an duh lo. UN hna kan mawhchiat, Kawlram cu duhsa te in a thlenko lai tiah “phih ah”pek zdtm; pawlisa an hman hnawh, Politics kongah thawngtlapawl chuahding ah an hal kan Cawpi cu an zei ko te hathi hmanh a thak lo. Socialism policy hna hmanhnawh sisehlaw, Potor dawhding cu a tih tuklai i a uknak cu a thlah ko hnga cu. Amah tu nih hin a kan tlerh an kan khong rih. Sihmanh sehlaw Potor le loh ah pek a fialmi pa Linin Pawlisi hmanh cu Russia caah a thathlu lo tiah hmuh a si caah, Kovachov zong nih cun a thleng ko. Hi thlennak ngampi a donghding riantuan tu cu Mipi cungah a ngatchan caah Lungdong lo in kan tuan a herh ko. Democracy Politico-econonim pawlisi cu mipicungah a ngatchan caah, Nitlaklei ram pawl nih Kawl ram ai thlengding cu mipicungah a um ti hi an chim lengmangmi a si. Ram thlengnak ah nangmah le keimah a kan herh ti kan theihdih ni cu kan ram i thlen ni le tthacho ai thawknak nun duhdim tuanbia kan tial ni a si vet e ko lai.

Ceih hmaiti awk:

1. Kan ram Thanchonak ah Zei problem dah a kan donkhambik mi a si tiah na hmuh.

2. Cozah pawlisi maw? Human resoursce maw? Financial maw Phaisa maw? Or a dang zei chambaumi hna dah na hmuh rih.

3. A kan donkham tiah kan hmuhmi hi zeitin dah kan (phisin) ah a tha bik lai.

4. Mipi or kan krifabu thanchonak ah an intuar ko tiah kan hmuhmi hi Pastor le krifa upa nih zeitin leiin dah dirkamh a tha lai tiah na hmuh.

5. Kan seminar nih kan ram kan miphun thanchonak ah zeibia dah kan fun lai.

1. Biahal Pakhatnak ah kan thanchonak a kan dontu a hme le angan harnak Problem tampi cu a um ko lai nain a tlangpi in Kan cozah uknak thalo Pawlasi, Mifim thiamsang Technician le Professional le Financial Phaisa hrampi kan cham bau ko ti cu hmuh dihmi a si.

    1. Hi biahalnak hna he pehtlai in Kan ram thanchonak ah a kan dontu bikmi cu kan cozah miss management (palh sual uknak) a si caah. Kan cozahpi aithlennak caah kan dihlak tanrualnak tuan vo kan ngei. Krifa hna nih kei cu Politician kan si lo ti khawh a si lo. Mah le caan tawk in paih a kan zuam. Moses bantuk in Hmai suan in kan mipi lam thihruai cu a herh bikmi lam thanchonak ser kha a si ko. Kan phung chimnak paoh ah a cunglei Pawlisi le dan le dun te hna, cozah a tlaihtu pa sin in a chuahmi Love of power a biapining te hna, an uknak ruangah mipi pawcawmnak ningcang loin a hung vuakningte hna kha mipi theihter le fiangter lengmang zong a herh ko ti hi hmuh fiang a si. Cun meithal nih ram daihnak hi a ser kho hlei lo. Ram daihnak cu mipi zalennak Pawlisi lawng nih a daih ter khawh ti le, Ralkap hriamnam cu manpower nih a tei khawh ti kha mipi theih fiang ter a herh zia kan bia kan fun.

    1. Human resource kan bau tuk caah (Sponsor Agency hna hi Ram pumpi level in organization tuahkhawh sisehlaw, Cu organization nihcun ramkip sponsor angeimi hna he pehtlai tuahpiak le sianginn hna kawl piak in kan mino hna a qualify mi poah hi scholarship he thlah khawh lengmang si seh law a tha lai ti cu hi leture nih chunmang an kan mangh ter ngaingai.
    2. Phaisa hi Chin ram thanchonak ah kan har caah, Chin ram cu Lothlawh thing phawrhnak le satil zuatkhalnak, adang sehhmuh hmete tuah a duhmi hna caah specific le special section deuh in kan cawnpiakmi hna caah an herhmi phaisa ahram kha laon in cawih i kan ramchunagah Phaisa a lepat khawhnak hnga khua te kip ah le khuapi kip ah Rural Bank hna tuahpiak khawh si sehlaw a rem hnga ti hi a si. Ramdang a ummi Kan u le nih fund thawhnak lawng si lo in, an phaisa kha Lairam ah deposit rak chiah dih hna sehlaw cu nih cun zei maw zat cu ka ram thanchonak riantuannak ah a hram le a miak a chuahter kho tu thazang pi a si ko lai ti hmuh a si.
    3. A tu lio caan ah kan mipi hi izarael nih Egypt sal an tang lio i an hrum ainak he hin kan i hlei lo. Lai phuntluk ah, “thachin ka kawl i pamchin kan tawng,” ti bantuk in kawl cozah uknak thalo le sifahnak kan hrialnak ah zatlaknak a tawngmi hi India mizoram kan i hlawhfa thawk in mishu, phakan le Ramdang kan pet khawhnak malaysia tiang ah vainam le vanchiatnak nih a kan zulh peng. Cu caah kan ram uknak a thlengnak ding ah mipi caah chimpiak relpiak hi rampi chung in luatkhawhnak dingah Krifa zong hi a herhmi agent pakhat kan si hrimhrim ko ti cu hmuh fiangmi a si.
    4. cu caah kan retreat nih kan fun tommi cu, Kan ram thanchonak caah Scholarship organization le Finance hrampi caah Rural Bank hna or Loan hna tuahpiaknak a lam hi kawl a hau cang rua tiah bia kan fun.
    5. Cun Uknak thalo ruangah ram chuahtak dih i refugee sawk tuk hi cu kan rumnak lam pakhat a si ko nain tha kan pek lem lo. Ka ram uknak thalei ah aithleng khawhnak tu ahhin kan lung i fun sehlaw, Miphun thleidannak le, local nationalism hi zorter deuh i Chinmi phun a huap tu nationalism hi i ngeih dih sehlaw a thami lam ah Chin mi a kan hruaitu a si ko lai ti hi a kan hmuh fiang ter ngaingai.
    6. Letture Pahnihnak chan tiluangning le laimi thanchonak timi ah, ka ram nunphun nih a ngeihmi, kan tuanbia hla sul le lam vialte hi khon i tial dih in University tiangin cawn khawh sehlaw a thatuk hnga ti hi kan fun rih fon.

REFERENCE

G. R. Boys-Stones . “MorePost-Hellenistic Philosophy: A Study in Its Development from the Stoics to Origen” by (Oxford University Press) Wordtrade.comAncient Philosophy 2007.

Karl Marx .“ Community of free individuals” as Marx described it in Da Kapital in . 1867

James C. F. Wang. “ Comparative Asian Politics Power, Policy, and change” . University if Bawai a Hilo. Mexico Canada USA. 1994

Rechart T. Schefer. “Sociology A brief Introduction. Mcgreen higher Education” USA. 1994

Robert S. McNamara Fellowships Program (RSM Fellowships), co-sponsored by the World Bank and Princeton University

The Joint Japan/World Bank Graduate Scholarship Program (JJ/WBGSP), sponsored solely by the Government of Japan

World Bank Scholarship http://go.worldbank.org/DEYLG799V0

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_dictatorship

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